Morphological Properties of S. Cumini

structural Properties of S. CuminiReview of literatureAn attempt has been made to check out the earlier work pertaining to the evaluation Jamun (Syzygium cumini Skeels) accessions based on geo structural citationistics. mass of the citations correspond to the evaluation genotypic characteristics and morphological variableness of distinguishable accessions. in that respect atomic number 18 boastful numbers of morphological attri alonees that are suitable to hear genetic variability. There are only a a few(prenominal) but important characteristics that have been evaluated for their greater applicability in assessing variability and borrowing to commercial use. The familiarize schooling was therefore, grimtaken with a view to determine the morphological properties of S. cumini and collect detailed information on these aspects. The citations have been presented in this chapter as per quantitative and soft characteristics of tree behavior, growth habit and takings pro perty.Morphological markersMorphological markers have proved a reliable tool for estimating intra particularised variability arising from different provenances at least in a few species. It pertain the traits which identified by visual observations and their inheritance can be monitored by naked eye. The traits included in this group are qualitative and quantitative characteristics they are generally scored quickly, simply and without laboratory equipments. Roy (1963) report intra-organism variability which is governed genetically. Phenotypic variability of adjust organs such as leaves, flowers, harvest-feasts and seeds are around commonly used traits. Morphological markers have been in employment ever since taxonomic studies came into vogue. Their characterization powers are strong and are commonly preferred for quick identification at the field level.Morphological descriptors in Syzygium cuminiS. cumini is lifesize evergreen and densely foliaceous tree with feeble greyish- brown thick bark and partially deciduous tree attaining medium to large size polyembryonic harvest species (Chase and Reveal, 2009). Leaves are 5 to 18 cm long, evergreen, oblong-oval or elliptic and opposite. The sessile whitish-yellow flowers with funnel-shaped calyx emerge in clusters containing 4 to 5 coupled petals. Flowers come in February-March and takingss in May to July. Fruit are berries, oblong to ovoid-oblong, dark purple colour with 1 or 2 to 5 white or green seeds. Rudimentary seeds are also rig in S. cumini (Morton, 1987 Stephen, 2012). The seeds of Jamun are recalcitrant, multicotyledonous have multiple embryos (Swamy et al., 1999, Thoke et al., 2011).Qualitative characteristicsMitra et al. (2008) reported that large numbers of underutilized production crops, which are being used by the topical anesthetic inhabitants. In fact for people living in villages, these underutilized harvest-homes are the most common source of nutritious food, to meet their vitamin an d mineral requirements. Syzygium cumini is a multipurpose large, evergreen native tree occurs in the tropical and sub-tropical climates under a wide range of environmental conditions (Singh et al., 2004). The variability in alive germplasm of S. cumini for selection of desirable genotypes was record on fruit physical characteristics and practically variability was notice (Singh et al., 1999). As majority of jamun trees are of seedling origin, they show severe variation in their morphology and Physico-Chemical attributes. The extent of variability increases when this highly cross-pollinated plant multiplies sexually (Singh and Singh, 2012). Among the locally available types of jamun (S. cumini) in West Bengal, India, 4 (types JS-1, JS-2, JS-3 and JS-4) were selected and canvass for fruit shape and size. JS-1 (with 1 oval-shaped large fruit) and JS-2 (cylindrical-shaped, medium-sized fruit) showed high characteristics of fruit size. Fruits of JS-2 and JS-3 showed pear-shaped, me dium-sized fruits (Kundu et al., 2001). A survey was undertaken in Gokak taluk of Belgaum district, Karnataka, India to investigate the nature and extent of variability present in jamun seedling progenies for morphological characters of trees. High variability was observed for the characters viz. plant girth, leaf area, petiole aloofness and leaf length to petiole length ratio (Prabhuraj et al., 2002).Quantitative characteristicThe S. cumini showed enormous variability from big (2.5 5 cm long and 2.0 3.5 cm diameter) to small (2.5-2.5 cm long and 1.0 -1.5 cm diameter), fruit load (3.5 to 16.5 g) and frame content (54-85 %) is normally grown in North India (Keskar et al., 1989). The blackish purple fruit showed the highest fruit length (2.1 cm), fruit breadth (1.3 cm), fresh fish (1.94 g) and seed fresh exercising pack (0.38 g) (Srimathi et al., 2001). The study revealed that there was a wide variation among S cumini accessions i.e. fruit system of freights ranged from 3.42 to 13.67 g, length 3.31 to 5.26 cm, girth 5.21 to 9.82 cm, length width ratio 1.44 to 2.3 and pulp luck 58.57 to 84.55 (Devi et al., 2002).Patel et al. (2005) collected different genotypes of jamun from Varanasi and recorded highest pulp content (97.71 %) in V-8 followed by V-6 (95.84 %) and V-7 (93.81%) genotypes. However the genotypes RNC-26 and RNC-11 were effectuate promising with regard to higher(prenominal) weight of pulp and fruit. The lowest or negligible seed weight (0.12 g) was noticed in V-8 followed by V-6 (0.16 g) and V-7 (0.31 g) and these genotypes might be used as seedless jamun. Prakash et al. (2010) observed that Selection-1 was most promising for fruit weight (14.55g), minimum seed weight (1.73g), higher pulp percent (90.05), higher total soluble unanimous (21.23%) and total sugar (20.24%). Shahnawaz and Sheikh, (2011) reported that weight, length, width of fruit of two alter cultivars of Jamun i.e. V1 and V2 were observed 9.55 g, 3.88 cm, 2.98 cm and 6.71 g, 2.73 cm, 2.10 cm respectively. The edible portion was 69.10 and 39.19 % whereas non-edible portion was 30.90 and 60.81 % in V1 and V2, respectively. Singh et al. (2012) identified the accessions CISH J-37 has bold fruit, oblong, average weight of 24.05 g, length 3.90 cm, diameter 3.03 cm and pulp (92.26 per cent). The another accession CISH J 42, which is seedless accession and the fruit is round shaped, average weight 6.87 g, length 2.57 cm, pulp 97.9 per cent in the indigenous state.Bakshi et.al. (2013) carried out an investigation to evaluate the various mango tree genotypes on the basis of physico-chemical characteristics under rain fed areas of Jammu. Out of all the xv mango genotypes, the fruit weight was maximum in Mallika (182.16 g) and lowest in Selection-4 (64.83 g). The maximum fruit length (10.52 cm) and fruit breadth (6.98 cm) was observed in Mallika, whereas it was minimum in Selection-1 (5.26 cm and 4.22 cm, respectively). The pulp weight (117.15 g) and stone weig ht (35.60 g) was highest in Mallika, art object Dashehari showed maximum pulp stone ratio (3.90), while the pulp percentage was maximum in Mallika (71.48 %). For organoleptic rating, Dashehari was rated best in legal injury of colour, flavour and taste over all the genotypes. Rahman et al., (2014) carried out the study on fruit characteristics, gestate contributing characters and yield of twenty one mango genotypes. A wide variation was observed among the genotypes in respect of different characteristics under the present study. The heaviest (237.0 g) fruits with length and diameter of 9.50 cm and 6.87 cm were recorded in the genotype MI-Jai 005, whereas the lightest (95.33 g) fruits with length and diameter of 2.2 cm and 2.7 cm were far-famed in MI Jai 004 per cent edible portion were the highest in MI Jai 001 (66.86 %), while the lowest edible portion in MI Jai 012 (38.59 %). some(prenominal) researches have been conducted to find the morphological characteristics of various f ruit crops. Kher and Dorjay (2001) evaluated some low chilling peach cultivars for physical characteristics and observed fruit length and weight for Shan-e-Punjab and Flordsun as 5.80 and 4.74 cm and 56.95 and 80.86 g respectively. Prasad and Bankar (2000) evaluated pomegranate (Punica granatum) cultivars (Jodhpur Red, Ganesh, Basin Seedless, Dholka, GKVK-1, G-137, P-23, P-26 and Jalore Seedless) for vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality and for their suitability to arid conditions of Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. The Jodhpur red kind of pomegranate fruit reported 6.10cm fruit length and 170.6 g fruit weight. Jalikop et al. (2002) reported 4.74 cm fruit length and 82.50 g fruit weight for amlidana pomegranate with noted dull pink colour. Patel et al. (2011) screened eleven guava genotypes of quintuple years old viz., RCG-1, RCG-2, RCG-3, RCG-11, RCGH-1, RCGH-4, RCGH-7, Allahabad Safeda, L-49, Lalit and Sangam, showed wide range of variation with respect to quality traits of fr uit. The genotype RCGH-1 was found superior in fruit weight (184.50 g) and fruit diameter (7.08 cm) whereas, the cultivar RCG-11 recorded least number of seed (53.29 No/ coulomb g fruit weight) with highest pulp seed ratio (94.25 %). El-Sisy (2013) investigated some morphological and productivity characteristics of fifteen genotypes of seedy guava trees with for morphological characteristics, flowering, yield and fruit quality. The genotypes were analyzed to select promising guava genotypes for fresh consumption and affect to take part in improvement and propagation programs. The highest fruit weight was recorded in genotypes No. 10 (277.37 g) in 2011 and No. 2 (253.23 g) in 2012. The longest fruit was in genotype No. 10 in both seasons. All genotypes gave similar results for fruit width turf out No. 2, which was the biggest one. The highest firmness was in genotype No. 14 in 2011 and genotype No. 2 in 2012. The low seeds (%) were the best character for fruit quality and associate d with genotype No 2 (1.294 1.121 %). Mahmoud and Peter (2014) reported that physical fruit characters of guava fruits and tree no. 99 was found superior one over all genotypes in term of fruit weight (300.5 g), fruit diameter (7.36 cm), less number of seed per fruit, higher pulp thickness (3.2 cm), higher pulp weight (271.7 g), pulp to fruit weight ratio (88.7 %) and maximum peel weight (28.83 g).