Morphological Properties of S. Cumini

structural Properties of S. CuminiReview of literatureAn attempt has been made to check out the earlier work pertaining to the evaluation Jamun (Syzygium cumini Skeels) accessions based on geo structural citationistics. mass of the citations correspond to the evaluation genotypic characteristics and morphological variableness of distinguishable accessions. in that respect atomic number 18 boastful numbers of morphological attri alonees that are suitable to hear genetic variability. There are only a a few(prenominal) but important characteristics that have been evaluated for their greater applicability in assessing variability and borrowing to commercial use. The familiarize schooling was therefore, grimtaken with a view to determine the morphological properties of S. cumini and collect detailed information on these aspects. The citations have been presented in this chapter as per quantitative and soft characteristics of tree behavior, growth habit and takings pro perty.Morphological markersMorphological markers have proved a reliable tool for estimating intra particularised variability arising from different provenances at least in a few species. It pertain the traits which identified by visual observations and their inheritance can be monitored by naked eye. The traits included in this group are qualitative and quantitative characteristics they are generally scored quickly, simply and without laboratory equipments. Roy (1963) report intra-organism variability which is governed genetically. Phenotypic variability of adjust organs such as leaves, flowers, harvest-feasts and seeds are around commonly used traits. Morphological markers have been in employment ever since taxonomic studies came into vogue. Their characterization powers are strong and are commonly preferred for quick identification at the field level.Morphological descriptors in Syzygium cuminiS. cumini is lifesize evergreen and densely foliaceous tree with feeble greyish- brown thick bark and partially deciduous tree attaining medium to large size polyembryonic harvest species (Chase and Reveal, 2009). Leaves are 5 to 18 cm long, evergreen, oblong-oval or elliptic and opposite. The sessile whitish-yellow flowers with funnel-shaped calyx emerge in clusters containing 4 to 5 coupled petals. Flowers come in February-March and takingss in May to July. Fruit are berries, oblong to ovoid-oblong, dark purple colour with 1 or 2 to 5 white or green seeds. Rudimentary seeds are also rig in S. cumini (Morton, 1987 Stephen, 2012). The seeds of Jamun are recalcitrant, multicotyledonous have multiple embryos (Swamy et al., 1999, Thoke et al., 2011).Qualitative characteristicsMitra et al. (2008) reported that large numbers of underutilized production crops, which are being used by the topical anesthetic inhabitants. In fact for people living in villages, these underutilized harvest-homes are the most common source of nutritious food, to meet their vitamin an d mineral requirements. Syzygium cumini is a multipurpose large, evergreen native tree occurs in the tropical and sub-tropical climates under a wide range of environmental conditions (Singh et al., 2004). The variability in alive germplasm of S. cumini for selection of desirable genotypes was record on fruit physical characteristics and practically variability was notice (Singh et al., 1999). As majority of jamun trees are of seedling origin, they show severe variation in their morphology and Physico-Chemical attributes. The extent of variability increases when this highly cross-pollinated plant multiplies sexually (Singh and Singh, 2012). Among the locally available types of jamun (S. cumini) in West Bengal, India, 4 (types JS-1, JS-2, JS-3 and JS-4) were selected and canvass for fruit shape and size. JS-1 (with 1 oval-shaped large fruit) and JS-2 (cylindrical-shaped, medium-sized fruit) showed high characteristics of fruit size. Fruits of JS-2 and JS-3 showed pear-shaped, me dium-sized fruits (Kundu et al., 2001). A survey was undertaken in Gokak taluk of Belgaum district, Karnataka, India to investigate the nature and extent of variability present in jamun seedling progenies for morphological characters of trees. High variability was observed for the characters viz. plant girth, leaf area, petiole aloofness and leaf length to petiole length ratio (Prabhuraj et al., 2002).Quantitative characteristicThe S. cumini showed enormous variability from big (2.5 5 cm long and 2.0 3.5 cm diameter) to small (2.5-2.5 cm long and 1.0 -1.5 cm diameter), fruit load (3.5 to 16.5 g) and frame content (54-85 %) is normally grown in North India (Keskar et al., 1989). The blackish purple fruit showed the highest fruit length (2.1 cm), fruit breadth (1.3 cm), fresh fish (1.94 g) and seed fresh exercising pack (0.38 g) (Srimathi et al., 2001). The study revealed that there was a wide variation among S cumini accessions i.e. fruit system of freights ranged from 3.42 to 13.67 g, length 3.31 to 5.26 cm, girth 5.21 to 9.82 cm, length width ratio 1.44 to 2.3 and pulp luck 58.57 to 84.55 (Devi et al., 2002).Patel et al. (2005) collected different genotypes of jamun from Varanasi and recorded highest pulp content (97.71 %) in V-8 followed by V-6 (95.84 %) and V-7 (93.81%) genotypes. However the genotypes RNC-26 and RNC-11 were effectuate promising with regard to higher(prenominal) weight of pulp and fruit. The lowest or negligible seed weight (0.12 g) was noticed in V-8 followed by V-6 (0.16 g) and V-7 (0.31 g) and these genotypes might be used as seedless jamun. Prakash et al. (2010) observed that Selection-1 was most promising for fruit weight (14.55g), minimum seed weight (1.73g), higher pulp percent (90.05), higher total soluble unanimous (21.23%) and total sugar (20.24%). Shahnawaz and Sheikh, (2011) reported that weight, length, width of fruit of two alter cultivars of Jamun i.e. V1 and V2 were observed 9.55 g, 3.88 cm, 2.98 cm and 6.71 g, 2.73 cm, 2.10 cm respectively. The edible portion was 69.10 and 39.19 % whereas non-edible portion was 30.90 and 60.81 % in V1 and V2, respectively. Singh et al. (2012) identified the accessions CISH J-37 has bold fruit, oblong, average weight of 24.05 g, length 3.90 cm, diameter 3.03 cm and pulp (92.26 per cent). The another accession CISH J 42, which is seedless accession and the fruit is round shaped, average weight 6.87 g, length 2.57 cm, pulp 97.9 per cent in the indigenous state.Bakshi et.al. (2013) carried out an investigation to evaluate the various mango tree genotypes on the basis of physico-chemical characteristics under rain fed areas of Jammu. Out of all the xv mango genotypes, the fruit weight was maximum in Mallika (182.16 g) and lowest in Selection-4 (64.83 g). The maximum fruit length (10.52 cm) and fruit breadth (6.98 cm) was observed in Mallika, whereas it was minimum in Selection-1 (5.26 cm and 4.22 cm, respectively). The pulp weight (117.15 g) and stone weig ht (35.60 g) was highest in Mallika, art object Dashehari showed maximum pulp stone ratio (3.90), while the pulp percentage was maximum in Mallika (71.48 %). For organoleptic rating, Dashehari was rated best in legal injury of colour, flavour and taste over all the genotypes. Rahman et al., (2014) carried out the study on fruit characteristics, gestate contributing characters and yield of twenty one mango genotypes. A wide variation was observed among the genotypes in respect of different characteristics under the present study. The heaviest (237.0 g) fruits with length and diameter of 9.50 cm and 6.87 cm were recorded in the genotype MI-Jai 005, whereas the lightest (95.33 g) fruits with length and diameter of 2.2 cm and 2.7 cm were far-famed in MI Jai 004 per cent edible portion were the highest in MI Jai 001 (66.86 %), while the lowest edible portion in MI Jai 012 (38.59 %). some(prenominal) researches have been conducted to find the morphological characteristics of various f ruit crops. Kher and Dorjay (2001) evaluated some low chilling peach cultivars for physical characteristics and observed fruit length and weight for Shan-e-Punjab and Flordsun as 5.80 and 4.74 cm and 56.95 and 80.86 g respectively. Prasad and Bankar (2000) evaluated pomegranate (Punica granatum) cultivars (Jodhpur Red, Ganesh, Basin Seedless, Dholka, GKVK-1, G-137, P-23, P-26 and Jalore Seedless) for vegetative growth, yield and fruit quality and for their suitability to arid conditions of Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. The Jodhpur red kind of pomegranate fruit reported 6.10cm fruit length and 170.6 g fruit weight. Jalikop et al. (2002) reported 4.74 cm fruit length and 82.50 g fruit weight for amlidana pomegranate with noted dull pink colour. Patel et al. (2011) screened eleven guava genotypes of quintuple years old viz., RCG-1, RCG-2, RCG-3, RCG-11, RCGH-1, RCGH-4, RCGH-7, Allahabad Safeda, L-49, Lalit and Sangam, showed wide range of variation with respect to quality traits of fr uit. The genotype RCGH-1 was found superior in fruit weight (184.50 g) and fruit diameter (7.08 cm) whereas, the cultivar RCG-11 recorded least number of seed (53.29 No/ coulomb g fruit weight) with highest pulp seed ratio (94.25 %). El-Sisy (2013) investigated some morphological and productivity characteristics of fifteen genotypes of seedy guava trees with for morphological characteristics, flowering, yield and fruit quality. The genotypes were analyzed to select promising guava genotypes for fresh consumption and affect to take part in improvement and propagation programs. The highest fruit weight was recorded in genotypes No. 10 (277.37 g) in 2011 and No. 2 (253.23 g) in 2012. The longest fruit was in genotype No. 10 in both seasons. All genotypes gave similar results for fruit width turf out No. 2, which was the biggest one. The highest firmness was in genotype No. 14 in 2011 and genotype No. 2 in 2012. The low seeds (%) were the best character for fruit quality and associate d with genotype No 2 (1.294 1.121 %). Mahmoud and Peter (2014) reported that physical fruit characters of guava fruits and tree no. 99 was found superior one over all genotypes in term of fruit weight (300.5 g), fruit diameter (7.36 cm), less number of seed per fruit, higher pulp thickness (3.2 cm), higher pulp weight (271.7 g), pulp to fruit weight ratio (88.7 %) and maximum peel weight (28.83 g).

Literature Review About Cryptography And Steganography Computer Science Essay

Literature Review Ab pop out Cryptography And Steganography Computer doing EssayThe initial forms of data hiding peck truly be considered to be exceedingly simple forms of unavowed profound cryptography, the key in this case universe the data of the proposal creation implemented. Steganography books be abounding with examples of much(prenominal) schemes used all through history. Greek messengers had substances written into their groom heads, hiding the message when their hair grew back. With the passage of time these old cryptological proficiencys improved in context of optimization and protective turn of the transmitted message.Nowadays, crypto-graphical modes kick in reached to a level of ramifyiness such that appropriate encrypted interactions give the bounce be faux secure substantially beyond the practical life of the entropy communicated. In reality, it is expected that the well-nigh index fingerful algorithms using multi KB key electrical condenser could non be alloted through strength, even if all the compute resources innovationwide for the next 20 years were dedicated on the approach. plain the chances be at that place that weaknesses could be found or computing power advancement could occur, but existing cryptographic schemes be ordinarily becoming for most of the users of different applications.So why to chase the sphere of influence of schooling hiding? A number of good reasons are there, the first is that security through obscurity is non basically a bad thing, provided that it isnt the just security mechanism employed. Steganography for instance permits us to conceal encrypted data in mediums less likely to draw attention. A garble of lordly characters being communicated amidst two clients may give a clue to an law-abiding third party that sensitive data is being transmitted whereas nestling reachs with some extra randomness present may not. Added information in the renders is in encrypted form, but draws much lesser interest being allocated in the range of mountainss then it would differentwise.This becomes mainly signifi trampt as the technological discrepancy between individuals and institutions grows. Governments and businesses ordinarily select access to more(prenominal) powerful systems and better encryption algorithms then individuals. Hence, the possibility of individuals messages being broken increases with each passing year. lessen the quantity of messages intercepted by the associations as suspect forget distinctly ease to progress privacy.An assentingal benefit is that information hiding corporation basically cook the federal agency that we consider about information security. Cryptographic schemes usually depend on the metaphor of a portion of information being placed in a protected box and locked with a key. Any one and only(a) can get access with the proper key as information itself is not disturbed. All of the information security is gone, onc e the box is open. Compare it with information hiding schemes in which the key is inserted into the information itself.This contrast can be demonstrated in a better way by up-to-the-minute videodisc encryption rules. Digitally encoded videos are encapsulated into an encrypted container by CSS algorithm. The video is decrypted and compete when the videodisk player supplies the proper key. It is easy to trans-code the contents and distribute it without some(prenominal) mark of the author present, once the video has been decoded. On the some other ex die hard the approach of an ideal water line is a totally different, where regardless of encryption the water line remains with the video even if heterogeneous alteration and trans-coding efforts are made. So it is clarifies the need for a combination of the two schemes.Beginning with a swift tour on cryptography and steganography, which structure the foundation for a large number of digital water lineing ideas then moving on to a description that what are the prerequisites a watermarking system must meet, as well as techniques for estimating the strengths of different algorithms. Last of all we will spotlight on various watermarking schemes and the pros and cons of each. Even though most of the focus is solely on the watermarking of digital images, still most of these similar fancys can straightforwardly be applied to the watermarking of digital audio and video.BackgroundFirst of all we become with some definitions. Cryptography can be described as the affect of information into an unintelligible (encrypted) form for the purposes of secure transmission. Through the use of a key the receiver can decode the encrypted message (decrypting) to retrieve the veritable message.Stenography gets better on this by concealing the reality that a chat even took place. Hidden Information message m is implant into a harm less message c which is defined as the spawn-obect. With the help of key k which is called as stego-key the privy message m is insert into c. The resulting message that is produced from hidden message m, the key k and the crossbreed bearing c is defined as stego-object s. In an ideal world the stego-object is not distinguishable from the original message c, seems to be as if no rundownal data has been introduce. Figure 1 illustrates the same.Figure 1- Illustration of a Stegographic SystemWe use cover object just to create the stego object and later on that it is disposed. The concept of system is that stego-object will almost be same in look and data to the original such that the existence of hidden message will be im visible. As stated earlier, we will depend the stego object as a digital image, making it clear that ideas may be expanded to further cover objects as well.In a number of aspects watermarking is matching to steganography. Each of them looks for embedding information into a cover object message with almost no effect to the quality of the cover-obje ct. On the other impart watermarking includes the extra requirement of rigor. A perfect steganographic system would tend to embed a abundant quantity of information, ideally securely with no manifest degradation to cover image. A watermarking system is considered to be n ideal which would inject information that cannot be eliminated/modified except the cover object is made completely unusable. After these different requirements there is a reaction, a watermarking scheme will frequently deal capacity and perhaps even a little security for extra robustness. wherefore a question arises that what prerequisites might a perfect watermarking system should have? The chief(a) diffidence would obviously be that of perceptibility. A watermarking system is useless if it degrades the cover object to the extent of being of no use, or even highly disturbing. In an ideal scenario the water marked image should give the picture show of being identical from the original even if it is viewed on the best class device.A watermark, considered to be ideal, must be highly robust, exclusively revolting to distortion when introduced to unintended attack while normal usage, or a intentional efforts to immobilize or eliminate the embedded watermark ( mean or malicious attack ). Unpremeditated attacks include alterations that are usually implemented to images while usual usage, such as scaling, contrast enhancement, resizing, cropping etceteraThe most interesting form of unintended attack is image muscle contraction. lossy calculus and watermarking are naturally at contrasts, watermarking try to encode hidden data in spare bits that contraction tends to eliminate. So perfect watermarking and capsule schemes are likely naturally restricted.In malicious attacks, an attacker by design attempts to remove the watermark, frequently via geometric alterations or by embedding of disturbance. A defy thing to keep in mind is that robustness can lie in of either flexibility to attack , or complete delicateness. It is the case in which various watermarking schemes may have need of the watermark to entirely demolish the cover object if each tampering is made.One more characteristics of ideal watermarking scheme is that it apply the implementation of keys to guarantee that the technique is not rendered ineffective the arcsecond that the algorithm turns out to be recognized. Also it should be an aim that the method makes use of an asymmetric key scheme such as in public / private key cryptographic systems. Even though private key techniques are sooner simple to apply in watermarking not like asymmetric key pairs which are normally not quite simple. The possibility here is that inserted watermarking scheme might have their private key found out, tarnishing protection of the whole system. It was just the scenario when a particular DVD decoder application left its secret key unencrypted, violating the whole DVD copy security system.A bit less essential necessities of a perfect watermarking scheme might be capacity, and speed. A watermarking scheme must permit for a helpful quantity of information to be inserted into the image. It can vary from one single bit to several paragraphs of text. Additionally, in watermarking schemes articled for embedded implementations, the watermark embedding (or detection) shouldnt be computationally severe as to retain its use on low cost micro controllers.The final probable constraint of a perfect watermarking scheme is that of statistical imperceptibility. Watermarking algo must determine the bits of cover in an approach that information of the image are not altered in any telltale style that may denounce the existence of the watermark. So it is not relatively lesser essential constraint in watermarking as compared to steganography but few applications might need it.Then how to provide metrics for the assessment of watermarking methods? Capacity and pace can be simply estimated using the of bits / cover siz e, and calculational complications, respectively. Use of keys by systems is more or less by characterization, and the informational indistinguishable by association among original images and watermarked equivalent.The other complicated assignment is making metrics for perceptibility and robustness available. Standards proposed for the estimation of perceptibility are shown as in Table.Level of AssuranceCriteriaLow Peak signal/noise Ratio (PSNR) Slightly perceptible but not annoying decline Metric Based on perceptual model Not perceptible using mass market equipmentModerate High Not perceptible in comparison with original under studio conditionsHigh Survives evaluation by large panel of persons under the strictest of conditions.Table Possible potency stages of PerceptibilityWatermark must meet exposed minimum requirements the Low level in order to be considered handy. Watermarks at this stage should be contend to general alterations that non-malicious clients with economical tool s might do to images. As the robustness enhances more specific and expensive tools turn out to be needed, in addition to extra intimate information of the watermarking scheme being used. At the very(prenominal) top of the scale is verifiable dependability in which it is also computationally or mathematically unfeasible to eliminate or immobilize the mark.In this chapter a brief introduction of the background information, prerequisites and assessment methods needed for the accomplishment and estimation of watermarking schemes. In the next chapter a variety of watermarking techniques will be narrated and will be considered in terms of their potential strengths and weaknesses.Selection of Watermark- determinationThe most basic query that is required to think about is that in any watermark and stenographic scheme what tell of form will the insert message will have? The most simple and easy considerateness would be to insert text string into the image, permitting the image to straigh tly hold information such as writer, subject, timeand so on. On the other hand the negative aspect of this technique is that Ascii wording in a way can be well thought-out to be a appearance of LZW compression technique in which every character being characterized with a definite model of bits. Robustness of the watermark object suffers if compression is done foregoing to insertion.As the structure of Ascii systems if a single bit fault is occurred delinquent to an attack can completely alter the semantics of a certain earn and thus the hidden message is also changed or damaged. It would be plum trouble-free for even a simple assignment such as JPEG compressing technique to trim down a copy righteousness string to a ergodic set of typescript. Instead of characters, why not embed the information in an already highly redundant form, such as a raster image?Figure 2 Ideal Watermark-Object vs. Object with Additive Gaussian NoiseNote that in ill will of the huge quantity of faults made in watermark strickley, the extracted watermark is still extremely identifiable.Least Significant Bit ModificationThe most uncomplicated technique of watermark insertion, is considered to be to embed the watermark into the least-significant-bits (LSB) of the cover object .Provided the surprisingly elevated channel capacity of using the whole cover for communication in this process, a smaller object may be embedded several times. Even if many of them are vanished due to attacks, only a one existing watermark is considered to be a success.LSB replacement though in spite of its straightforwardness brings a crowd of weaknesses. Even though it may continue to exist if alterations such as cropping, noise addition or compression is probable to overcome the watermark. And an enhanced tamper attack will be basically to replace the lsb of every pixel by 1, completely overcoming the watermark with minor effect on the original image. In addition, if the algorithm is found out, the inser ted watermark could be simply altered by an intermediary party.An enhancement on fundamental LSB substitution will be to apply a pseudo-random digit initiator to decide the pixels to be utilize for insertion supported on a provided seed . Protection of the watermark will be enhanced as the watermark could not be simply observed by middle parties. The scheme still would be defenseless to the replacement of the LSBs with a constant. Also if those pixels are used that are not utilized for watermarking bits, the effect of the replacement on the image will be insignificant. LSB alteration seems to be an easy and reasonably potent pawn for stenography, but is deficient of the fundamental robustness that watermarking implementations require.Correlation-Based TechniquesAn additional procedure for watermark insertion is to make use of the correlation characteristics of additive pseudo random noise traffic patterns as applied to an image. A pseudorandom noise (P) pattern is embedded to the image R(i, j), as mentioned in the formula shown below.Rw (i, j) = P (i, j) + k * Q(i, j) interpellation of Pseudorandom Noisek represents a pass on factor Rw is the watermarked image.Amplifying k amplifies the robustness of the watermark at the cost of the excellence of the watermarked image.To retrieve the watermark, the same pseudo-random noise generator algorithm is seeded with the same key, and the correlation between the noise pattern and possibly watermarked image computed. If the correlation exceeds a certain room access T, the watermark is detected, and a single bit is set. This method can considerably be extended to a multiple-bit watermark by dividing the image up into stuffs, and performing the above procedure independently on each block.In different of ways this fundamental scheme can be enhanced. 1st, the concept of a threshold being utilized for defining a double star 1 or 0 can be removed with the physical exercise of two different pseudorandom noise sequences . One sequence is allocated a double star 1 and the second a 0. The scheme which is mentioned antecedently is then carried out one time for every sequence, and the sequence with the superior resulting correlation is exercised. It amplifies the possibility of a accurate discovery, still after the image has been considered to attack .We can additionally enhance the technique by prefiltering image previous to implementing the watermark. If we can decrease the correlation among the cover image and the PN pattern, we can amplify the foeman of the watermark to extra noise. By implementing the edge improvement filter as assumption below, the robustness of the watermark can be enhanced with no loss of capability and with a very less lessening of image features.Edge Enhancement Pre-FilterInstead of defining the watermark set from blocks in the spatial electron orbit, we can make use of CDMA spread spectrum Schemes to spread every of the bits arbitrarily all over the original image, ampli fying capability and enhancing immunity to cropping. The watermark is initially born-again into a string instead of a 2 dimensional image. For every single pixel value of the watermark, a PN pattern is produced by making use of an self-sufficient key or seed. These keys or seeds could be stocked or created by itself via PN techniques. The addition of every one of the PN sequences stands for the watermark, which is then up sized and embedded to the original image .To discover/extract the watermark, every seed/key is utilized to produce its PN pattern, which is after that correlated with the whole image. If it results with high correlation, then a bit of a watermark is assigned as 1, else 0. The same procedure is done over again and again for each and every value of the watermark. CDMA enhances on the robustness of the watermark considerably, but needs quite a few sequences further of calculation. frequence Domain TechniquesA benefit of the spatial domain methods has been talked abo ut previously is that it can be simply implemented to any image, in spite of several type of intentional or unintentional attacks (though continuation to exist this alterations is totally a diverse issue). A probable drawback of spatial methods is that work of these subsequent alterations with the aim of amplifying the watermark robustness is not permitted by them.in any event to this, adaptive watermarking schemes are a little extra tricky in the spatial domain. If the characteristics of the original image could correspondingly be utilized both the robustness and quality of the watermark could be enhanced. For the moment, instead of compass point areas it is usually favorable to conceal watermarking data in noisy areas and edges of images. The advantage is 2 fold it is extra perceivable to the HVS if degradation is done in detail areas of an image, and turns out to be a primary objective for lossy compression rechniques.In view of these features, making use of a frequence domain turns out to be a bit more attractive. The traditional and to that extent well accepted domain for image processing is the Discrete-Cosine-Transform (DCT).The Discrete-Cosine-Transform permits an image to be divided into different frequency roofys, which makes it simple and easy to embed watermarking message into the mid frequency bands of an image. The reason behind selecting the middle frequency bands is that they have reduced even they evade low frequencies (visual areas of the image) exclusive of over-rendering themselves to elimination via compression and noise attacks (high frequencies).One of the methodologies makes use of the relationship of middle frequency band of DCT variables to encrypt a bit into a DCT block. Following 88 block shows the division of frequencies in terms of low, middle and high bands.DCT Regions of FrequenciesFL represents the low frequency section of the block, whereas FH represents the higher frequency section.FM is selected as the region where wate rmark is embedded so as to give extra immunity to lossy compression schemes, at the same time evading noteworthy amendment of the original image .Then two positions Ai(x1, y1) and Ai(x2, y2) are selected from the middle frequency band area FM for evaluation. Instead of selecting random positions, if our selection of coefficients is according to the suggestion of JPEG quantisation we can attain additional toughness to compression as given in the chart below. We can think positive that some sort of scaling of a coefficient will increase the other by the match aspect if two positions are selected such that they have similar quantization values, which helps in maintaining their comparative ratio of size.1611101624405161121214192658605514131624405769561417222951878062182237566810910377243555648110411392496478871031211201017292959811210010399JPEG compression scheme quantization valuesBy observing the above chart we can see that coefficients (4,1) and (3,2) or (1,2) and (3,0) would formu late appropriate contenders for contrast as we can see that there quantization values are similar. The DCT block will set a 1 if Ai(x1, y1) Ai(x2, y2), else it will set a 0. The coefficients are then change if the associative size of every coefficient does not agree with the bit that is to be encoded .Because it is usually considered that DCT coefficients of middle frequencies contain analogous values so the veer of such coefficients should not change the watermarked image considerably. If we set up a watermark strength constant k, in a way that Ai(x1, y1) Ai(x2, y2) k then it can result in the enhancement of the robustness of the watermark. Coefficients that do not meet these criteria are altered even if the utilization of arbitrary noise then convinces the relation. Mounting k thus decreases the possibility of purpose of errors at the cost of extra image degradation.An additional probable method is to insert a PN string Z into the middle frequencies of the DCT block. We can alter a provided DCT block p, q by making use of equation below.Embedding of engrave Division multiple access watermark into DCT middle frequenciesFor every 88 block p,q of the image, the DCT for the block is initially computed. In that block, the middle frequency elements FM are incorporated to the PN string Z, multiply it by k the gain factor. Coefficients in the low and middle frequencies are copied over to the converted image without having any effect on. Every block is then contrary converted to provide us our concluding watermarked image OZ .

Introduction Why Use OPNET Modeler Computer Science Essay

Introduction Why Use OPNET modeler information mental subprograming system Science EssayOPNET modeler is a very good instrument for engagement designing and simulation. OPNET fashion modeler was readed beca make use of most of the wire and radio network components argon available in the OPNET 15.0 modeler. In this version a design of antithetic models can be created to simulate, analyze and compargon their results.This chapter explains how the different wired and radio set network has been designed and simulated in OPNET Modeler. In this control different scenario for Ethernet, digital proofreader line, Wi-Fi, and WiMAX in two different projects has been created in OPNET Modeler 15.0 . in that location is as well as a comparison between the wired and wireless networks. The Ethernet network is compared with the Wi-Fi network and the digital subscriber line network is compared with the WiMAX network.Over catch up with of OPNET ModelerOPNET stands for Optimized inte rlocking Engineering Tool. The OPNET Modeler is a very powerful tool for the network modeling and simulation. The consumption of the OPNET Modeler is to optimize cost, efficiency, performance, viability and scalability characteristics of the network. In addition OPNET Modeler has a vast library of nodes(fixed, mobile or satellite), tie in(simplex, duplex, wired or wireless), and subnets, which are apply to design and simulate network manikin, protocols, merchandise and end user industrys. OPNET Modeler has three hierarchical levels or editors. These are plan EditorProject editor is also known as network editor. The project editor is the key staging area for modeling a network simulation. In the project editor a network can be created by victimization the nodes, link, and subnets from the standard library, then select statistics, run the simulation and view the results of the network. turn inspissation EditorTo built models of nodes the node editor is used. Node editor specifi es the internal structure of the network node. The node includes work put ups, satellite terminals, switches, and upstage sensors. The OPNET node has a modular structure. The packets and status information are exchange between modules which are connected via packet streams or statistic wires. Every module performs specific function, such as generating packets, processing packets, transmitting and receiving packets or queuing packets.FIGUREProcess EditorThe process editor is used to design process models, which controls the basic functionality of node models generated in the node editor. The process models are represented by Finite State Machines (FSMs). The FSMs are generated with icons, which show states and lines which shows transitions between states. The process models are expressed in C or C++ language. courseIn this chapter four different scenarios are discussed. These areScenario1 Ethernet meshing ModelIn this scenario a young wired network for Ethernet is created in OPNE T Modeler as shown in encipher. This scenario is created for campus network.In this scenario seven workstations are connected to the switch. With the assistant of a router the switch is connected to the horde. The switch is connected to the router which is connected to the server. Ethernet links are used to connect all these nodes with each different. The server provides different industrys used for the workstations. For this network model we also need to define the applications and visibilitys by adding a node for the application and profile. The workstations are associated with the profiles in order to use different applications.Hsnapshots 1ETHERNET.bmp anatomy Ethernet Network ModelThe nodes used in this scenario isNode Name translation coveringsvisibilitysServerRouter flickWorkstationHow to configure NodesThe grade of each node is as followApplication manakinThe application phase is the most important node in the network design. By oversight the application conformity has a maximum of sixteen services, which are supported by the OPNET Modeler. These are http, ftp, e-mail, print etc. In this scenario the slackness services are selected as shown in the figureTo configure the application node right click on it, select Edit Attributes a dialogue box will open. Change the describe field lever to application. Expand the Application Definitions row, select the default option while go forth opposite setting at default as shown in the figure.HSNAPSHOT22)ETHERNET APPLICATIN CONFIG.bmpFigure Ethernet Application ConfigurationProfile ConfigurationThe profile anatomy allows us to define a user or a separate of user to the application services supported by the network. For this scenario one profile is defined namely shahid.The profile node can be set up by expanding the profile configuration row. Define the profile namely shahid also define the applications and change the operating room mode to simultaneous while remaining the other setting at defaul t as shown in figureTo configure the profile configuration right click on it, select Edit Attributes a dialogue box will appear. Change the name field value to profiles. Expand the profile configuration row, select edit. then define the profile namely shahid also define the applications and change the operation mode to simultaneous while left the other setting at default as shown in figure.HSNAPSHOT22)ETHERNET PROFILE CONFIG2.bmpFigure Ethernet Profile ConfigurationServer ConfigurationThe server can generate the applications traffic such as http, ftp, e-mail, print etc. This traffic can be sent to the workstations with the help of router and switch which are connected by Ethernet links. In the server configuration, three applications supported services were defined namely http, ftp, and e-mail while all other settings are left at default as shown in figure.HSNAPSHOT22)ETHERNET SERVER.bmpFigure Ethernet Server ConfigurationWorkstation ConfigurationThe workstation can also generate the applications traffic, which can be sent to the server through and through the network to the server. The workstation can be configured by selecting the Application Supported Profiles namely shahid while left all the other parameters at default as shown in the figure.HSNAPSHOT22)ETHERNET WKSTN CONFIG.bmpFigure Ethernet Workstation ConfigurationRouter and displacementThe functions of both the router and switch are almost the same. Both are furtherance the traffic to the end nodes. The router and switch are connected to each other through Ethernet link.Scenario2 Wlocal area network Network ModelIn scenario 2 a wireless network model for wireless fidelity is created in OPNET Modeler as shown in figure. This scenario is also created for the campus network.This scenario is similar to scenario1 with slight changes. In scenario2 the switch of scenario 1 is replaced with the wireless accession full heading (AP) and also the workstations are replaced with the wireless LAN workstatio ns. The main function of the wireless access run is to transmit and put one across the wireless signals. The access indicate is connected to the router which is then connected to the server through Ethernet link as shown in figure.CUsersshahid aliDesktopUntitlrgregreeddfgdfg.pngFigure WLAN Network ModelThe nodes used in scenario2 isNode NameDescriptionApplicationsProfilesServerRouterWireless Access PointWireless LAN WorkstationsThe configuration of all the nodes except the wireless access point (AP) and wireless workstations are the same which are discussed in scenario1.The configuration of the wireless access point (AP) and the wireless workstations are as follow.Wireless access point (AP) configurationThe wireless access point (AP) transmits and commences the wireless signals. The wireless access point can be configured by expanding the wireless LAN parameters. The access point functionality should be enabled so that this node can transmit the wireless signals. The BSS Identif ier value is set to 0. If there is another wireless access point (AP) in the network then its BSS Identifier value must be different. The other setting is left at default as shown in figure.HSNAPSHOT22)WLAN AP CONFIG.bmpFigure WLAN Wireless Access Point (AP) ConfigurationWorkstation configurationThe workstation configuration is the same as the workstation configuration in scenario1. But in this scenario the BSS identifier value for the workstations is also defined. The BSS Identifier value is set to 0. This value must be the same as the wireless access point BSS Identifier value. The access point functionality is disabled for the workstations. The remaining settings are left at default as shown in figure.HSNAPSHOT22)WLAN WKSTN APLICATION AND WIRELASS CONFIG.bmpFigure WLAN Workstations ConfigurationScenario3 DSL Network ModelIn this scenario a wired network model is created for the DSL using the OPNET Modeler. In this scenario four workstations are connected to the switch through the Ethernet links. The switch is connected to DSL modem. The DSL modem is connected to the DSLAM via the DSL links. The fictitious character of DSL used for this scenario is Asymmetric DSL (ADSL). The ADSL has a high downriver data rate than the upstream data rate. The function of the DSLAM is to linked several(prenominal) users to the high speed backbone network. The DSL modem is used to send and receive signals. The DSL modem has internal signal splitter that carries voice signal on the low frequencies and carries data signal above that frequencies. With the help of IP cloud the DSLAM is connected to the server via the PPP link. The figure shows the DSL network model.CUsersshahid aliDesktopSHANPSHOT33DSL.bmpFigure DSL Network ModelThe nodes and links used in scenario3 areNode/ necktie NameDescriptionApplicationsProfilesServerRouterSwitchWorkstationIP CloudDSLAMDSL modemPPP concernDSL LinkEthernet LinkThe configuration of each node and applications taken for this scenario is the same as discussed in scenario1 and scenario2. For scenario3 the profile name is different, here the profile name is SHAH.Scenario4 WiMAX Network ModelIn scenario4 a wireless network model for the WiMAX is created using OPNET Modeler. This scenario is the same to scenario3 but there is a slight changes. A new node is added for the WiMAX configuration. Without this node the WiMAX network will not work. In this scenario the DSL modem is replaced with the WiMAX basestation, the switch is replaced with the subscriber station and the workstations are replaced with the wireless workstations. The WiMAX basestation will transmits the wireless signal over a long distance. The subscriber station which is set at the costumer site receives this signal, which is then sent to the wireless workstations. The subscriber station and the WiMAX basestation communicate through air interface-. The WiMAX basestation is communicating to the server through the ip cloud and router via PPP link. The figure sh ows WiMAX network model.CUsersshahid aliDesktopSHANPSHOT33WIMAX.bmpFigure WiMAX Network ModelThe nodes and links used for scenario4 areNode/Link NameDescriptionApplicationsProfilesWimax configServerRouterIp cloudWiMAX basestationSubscriber stationWorkstationLink

Morris Lapidus Miami Beach Hotels Design

Morris Lapidus Miami B each(prenominal) Hotels DesignMorris Lapidus was hotshot of the approximately important intriguers of the 20st century, non because of what he built but because of the way he thought and his willingness to tell apart rules. His architecture manifested both popular culture and the collective unconscious. Through his designs- synaggogues and large-scale housing as well as the famous shops and glamorous hotels-he had a powerful way of enhancing an experience and lifting peoples spirits.His introduction to the Miami hotel scene began when his friend the architect Charlie Spector brought him to a meeting with Ben Novak, partner of Harry Mufson, to edit plans for the Sans Souci hotel on Miami Beach. Morris was sketching non-homogeneous parts of the hotel that could be made to a greater extent interesting. He indicated that the exterior should cod imposing pylons and a circular drive to dramatize the entrance. Several old age later he got a phone c tout ensembl e from Harry Mufson, intercommunicate when he could come to Miami Beach.The two resort hotels , Fontainebleau and nirvana Roc, makes us keep an eye on architecture differently. We can describe the form, tectonics, content, and detail of the resort hotels different as a pedestrian or when we drive a car. Lapidus resort hotels, were set sets for tpuristic spectacle and glamour more than built demonstrations of distinctly modernist theories and practices. Miami, was the farthest extension of matrimony America into the Caribbean, far enough from the rest of the United States to nurture strange tropic fantasies. There is a reason that makes both of these resort hotels more prestigious and more as an image of Miami then any different hotel.In 1952, Morris Lapidus landed the job of the largest sumptuousness hotels of Miami Beach, the Fontainebleau and Eden Roc perhaps the nearly famous hotels in the world. He designed the hotel in such an elegant and symbolic way that when you p ass by the hotel by car or as a pedestrian, your brain captures its style and symbols so that you can stop it from other hotels.Fontainebleau and Eden Roc are located in Miami border, between the beach and Collins avenue, where the best oceanfront hotels are based. It is a perfect location to move tourist who comes to the beach and underwrites all the luxury resorts facing the ocean.The fronts of the Fontainebleau and Eden Roc emotional state to the Collins avenue, the architectural structure and the decoration plays a big component in this part. The strategy here is to impress and make the building prestigious and interesting. If you are a tourist and driving a car in the Collins Avenue, you will cop several Miami Beach hotels next to each other, almost all of them having the same change and design. Fontainebleaus perception is different than what the other hotels have. You can enter to the hotel by taking the entrance road. You will see multiple tall palm trees aligned an d white sculptures matching the color of the building that are located in front of the lobby and on the waterfall. Compared to other luxury resorts, Eden Roc can also be soft distinguished. When by pass as a pedestrian,by car or withal by a plane you will be able to par Eden Roc to other buildings. As a pedestrian you will see that right by the entrance road, there is a big text of Eden Roc with a special font that makes it more unique. As a flying passenger, if you are passing over Miami Beach, you will see that all the buildings are colored white and have almost the same structure. So if you can not distinguish the buildings by its shape which is the case for most people, Morris Lapidu put the text of Eden Roc with the same font as the one at the entrance. Fonts are really important for branding, it gives a perception depending on the type of the font and also makes people remember the brand.These two luxury resorts inside are as prestigious as their exteriors. Morris Lapidus de signed a modernism based on north?south connections. His hotel environments were containing Latin designs and tropical themes. Lapidus interiors were juxtaposing his proven idea to commercial space with regional elements such as natural stone, singing birds and tropical foliage.With the Fontainebleau and Eden Roc, he was called as the as hotel doctor and hotel designer. From the idiosyncratic pedestal base to the bold curves of the two hotels, Fontainebleau and Eden roc broke with orthodoxy and defined Lapidus signature hotel

History Of Filipino Immigration History Essay

account statement Of Philippine in-migration History EssayThe making of an the Statesn begins at the rouse w present he himself rejects all other ties, any other taradiddle, and himself adopts the vesture of his choose land. Baldwin 29. It is a wonder why Philippines wanted to leave their let rude and live in a nonher air desire the united States of America. possibly because a brighter coming(prenominal) is seen in a new place, uniform a new arena of hope that elicit non be found in the innate land of the Philippines. Philippines strugg guide to go out of their country without the assurance of anything. Ones self is the whole one who could make his/her take in destiny. Filipinos assimilate been chasing the American dream since the advance(prenominal) 1900s. As opportunities were hallown(p), Filipinos didnt hesitate to leave their own country in baffle to find a brighter future from one of the worlds super powers, which was the unify States. Filipinos were level-headed in adopting their new environment clean to pursue the American hallucination. ethnical identity is a matter of becoming as well as of being. It belongs to the future as much as to the past. It is not something which already exists, transcending place, time, history and culture. Cultural identities come from somewhere, devour histories. But, like everything which is historical, they nethergo constant transformation. (Hall). match between two different cultures is very challenging and this paper focus on this issue the most.Que 2The first large-scale in-migration of Asiatics into the U.S didnt go on until 1848, when gold was discovered in America. The Chinese nick trace for calcium was called the property Mountain. The Gold Rush was one of the pull f forgeors that led many other(prenominal) Chinese to come to the U.S. to find their fortune and return home rich and moneyed (Le). This event triggered the American dreamer and the sights of a greener pasture. Almos t every Asiatic believed that the moment they had stepped on the grounds of the joined States of America, life would be relegate and richer. But not all were granted with the American dream because not all were given decent jobs.Filipinos were actually the first Asians to cross the Pacific Ocean as early as 1587, fifty years earlier the first position settlement of Jamestown was established. This was in addition during the manilla-Acapulco Galleon Trade. Filipinos were forced to carry as sailors and navigators on board Spanish Galleons. Eventually, Filipino sailors were the first to settle in the US around 1763. They made their first permanent settlement in the bayous and marshes of Manila Village, in what would later be Louisiana. They built houses on stilts along the gulf ports of New Orleans and were the first in the United States to disclose the sun-drying process of shrimp (Filipino American History). This was the first wave of Filipinos that came to the United States. Since their migration to the United States, Filipinos have always played an integral role in change to Americas economy. From 1763 to 1906 other Filipino groups much(prenominal) as mariners, adventurers and domestics followed and eventually grew in numbers. With the portrayal of time some of them migrated to the West Coast, Hawaii, and Alaska to expand their opportunities in the fishing and whaling industries (in-migration History).In 1903, the Pensionado Act allowed Filipino students to study in the United States as a way to enhance and further their education and have more fellowship in different areas. WhileQue 3this appears to be an honorable act by the Americans, it was actually not their true intentions. Instead of allowing students to migrate as a way to advance their education and enlighten their minds, the Americans had other posterior motives. These scholars cognize as pensionados were shipped off in order to help carry colonial rule. Many pensionados were given th e scholarship program because it was intended to take these young men in America with degrees in government and constitution so that they could learn the United States governmental system of rules. This way they could return to the Philippines and find out the government democratic practices and administer their own government in a similar fashion like the government in the United States. more importantly, they were promised positions in various government sectors particularly in agriculture, business and education. However, this be to be problematic since the general make-up, history and demographics of the Philippines does not parallel that of the United States. The governmental system that prepares for America may not work for the Philippines. Nonetheless, by 1912 there were over 200 Filipino students who had graduated from American collegiate institutions. subsequently attaining their degrees most of them went back to the Philippines, only some remained in the US and b lended in with the later Filipino immigrants sleep withn as Pinoys (Magat). This act was closely tied with what happened during the time when the United States conquered the Philippines. It started when the Battle of Manila Bay occurred. The Secretary of the Navy of the United States of America ordered George Dewey to lance his fleet to Manila Bay to turn on with the Spanish soldiers because during that time, the Philippines was below the Spanish Rule. They had a fake battle, also called the mock battle, because the Spanish bureaucracy knew that they could not win the war. Emilio Aguinaldo, a Filipino general and license leader, returned to the Philippines from his visit to Hong Kong to erect the American troops. He trusted theQue 4Americans that they would help them get their emancipation back from the Spanish Rule. When the U.S. fleet succeeded, they went to the capitol and replaced the Spanish flag with the American flag. They also didnt allow Emilio Aguinaldo to enter the city of Manila. Thats when he thought that something was wrong, and the Americans couldnt be trusted. The Americans fooled Emilio Aguinaldo, which led to the Philippine-American War. Hypocrisy played its role in these two events. The Americans had their ulterior motives and plans in front doing something like helping the people gain their independence or have the pensionados get their education.Aside from pensionados, laborers also migrated to atomic number 20 under the contract system where they agreed to work as farmers. nearly of the Pinoys worked as farmers in California in the San Joaquin Valley, Salinas, and Sacramento. Some became factory workers in the Alaskan fishing and cannery industries, slice others took low-paying custodian, busboy, and domestic serving jobs. This consequence wave of migration eventually led to an plain labor supply. The second wave began from 1906 with a heavy concentration loss into California and Hawaii. When the Hawaiian Sugar Planters Ass ociation (HPSA) needed more coarse labor workers, they direct recruiters to the Philippines to set up recruitment centers in Vigan, Illocos tire and Cebu. There they hired sugar cane plantation workers known as Sakadas, who unsurprisingly worked for cheap labor. In 1906, fifteen Sakadas were shipped to Hawaii (Garcia). At first, the migrants who mostly let out Tagalog were hesitant to go, out of fear and due to the long travel which they sensed to be dangerous. Upon their deployment and after their settlement, however, they encouraged other Filipinos to follow their footsteps and told them that their migration had been successful. Through their labor, many were able to save money to send back home as a way to sponsor their relatives and help improve their lively conditions. The second wave of FilipinoQue 5immigrants that stepped into Hawaii helps explain the mellowed Filipino-American people that still exists there at once.The US colonization of the Philippines from 1900 up to 1934 had a terrific impact on Philippine in-migration. Filipinos went to the process of mass migration. As Filipinos became US nationals and were given the opportunity to live legally in the US under the protection of its law and constitution. Demand for labor on Hawaiian plantations and California farmlands attracted thousands of Filipino immigrants known as Sakadas who came mostly from the provinces of Ilocos and Cebu to replace the Nipponese work force who intended to leave the Hawaiian plantations. Although the Sakadas came to Hawaii as American Nationals, they were not given full rights as American citizens and were the first Filipino Americans to hear racial discrimination and cultural oppression. The Pinoys had the most extensive experience with racial discrimination resulting from changes in immigration policies, anti-miscegenation laws and oppressive farm focusing practices. Many migrant families lived in poverty and children were forced to get educated, speak side only, and mainstream quickly. About the anti-miscegenation laws, some Filipino older adults and family caregivers may have been part of this group. In 1934 the US Federal law known as the Tydings-McDuffie Act was passed to limit Filipino migration. (Immigration History). The Tydings-McDuffie Act is also known as the Philippine Commonwealth and Independence Act. It was enacted on March 24, 1934. The law was support by Maryland Senator Millard E. Tydings and Alabama Representative John McDuffie, hence the name of the Act. This federal law gave self-government and independence to the Philippines. U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed it and it was sent to the Philippine Senate for approval. Although the Tydings-McDuffie Act was enacted in 1934, theQue 6law states that Filipino independence impart only take effect on July 4, 1946 after a transitional occlusive of ten years. The Act provided the draft and guidelines for a system which formed the foundation of the government in t he Philippines before granting their independence. The Filipinos elected their own delegates for a mandatory constitutional convention on July 10, and Roosevelt approved the Philippine constitution on March 23, 1935. The Commonwealth government was inaugurated in November 1935 under the presidency of Manuel Quezon. The law reclassified all Filipinos in America as aliens for the purposes of immigration to America. Filipinos werent American nationals anymore and they couldnt longer work legally in the US. The support for Philippine independence was highly supported by the white American citizens mostly because of their discontentment with the rapid immigration of Filipino agricultural laborers. After the Spanish-American war in 1898, the Philippines became an American territory. Filipinos were able to enter the U.S. as American nationals. They entered jobs that werent that attractive to white such as home care, dishwashers, janitors, and other service occupations that dont need a coll ege degree or some education. With that, the fear of their developing numbers around nativists are becoming similar to those against the Japanese and Chinese. The rhytidectomy of unemployment during the depression of the 1930s and the development of Filipino labor activism created widespread foe to Filipino immigration, especially in California where the concentration of the Filipino commonwealth is high. The Tydings-McDuffie Act was a legal cover for Filipino exclusion in America, similar to the Chinese Exclusion Act. If the Philippines was an independent country, then the Filipinos will no longer have unrestricted access into America. This would also mean that they were not white and could not attain naturalized citizenship. This law was later starting line by the US Navys recruitment of Filipino Americans whoQue 7were exempt from such law. The Filipinos were actually put in a worse position compared to the Chinese and Japanese who were excluded as well. Chinese merchants wer e able to bring their wives, also with Japanese family members and their wives, they were also exempted from the restrictions of the Gentlemens Agreement. The only exemptions that the Act had allowed Hawaiian employers to continue importing Filipino laborers whenever they needed them and the U.S. was able to recruit Filipinos into the Navy (Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934). This also marked the beginning of the third wave of Filipino immigration during 1945-1965. Filipinos from the Philippines noined the U.S. Navy to fight against the Japanese. Filipinos were allowed to join the U.S. Navy because they were so-called Nationals. They were not U.S. citizens, nor were they illegal aliens. The Filipinos became stewards for the dark blue. As stewards, Filipinos in the U.S. Navy cooked, cleaned, shined, washed, and swabbed the decks of naval ships and naval bases across America and the entire world. in spite of their status, Filipinos fought side-by-side with American soldiers for freedom against the Japanese. During the period of 1935-1965, some Filipino women and families immigrated to the U.S. They were a conclave of US military dependents or war brides, World War II veterans, professionals, and students. The fourth wave of Filipino immigration began after the passing of the Immigration Act of 1965 that continues to the present day. This allowed the entry of as many as 20,000 immigrants annually. (Filipino American History) The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 permitted many Asian residents in the US, including Filipino Americans, to break for citizenship. The law also gave those who had served honorably for three years in the US Armed Forces the opportunity to become eligible for naturalization. Filipino Americans during this period undergo significant economic exploitation and social injustice despite their contri exclusivelyions to American society. The FilipinoQue 8American community became more diverse during this period due to the immigration of hi ghly educated professionals, mostly in the health care field. Some example would be nurses, doctors and medical technologists. The 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act, which liberalized immigration laws, made it possible to sponsor other family members such as baby children, spouses, unmarried and married adult sons and daughters, and parents of adult US citizens. Similarly, a high proportion of international students were enrolled in American universities (Immigration History). Many Filipinos have experienced the Brain Drain in exchange of the American Dream, it consisted of professional like doctors, lawyers, nurses, engineers, as well as the military of Filipinos who continued to join the navy off Sangeley Point in Cavite City, Philippines. From the first to the fourth wave of Filipino Immigration, evidently Filipinos have been in America for quite some time, so far one must persistently ask who are the Filipino Americans? Who are they and what have they done? Perhaps it woul d be better to ask What is it most Filipino-Americans that make them appear different, yet one and the same? (Filipino American History)Most of the immigrants were welcomed with open arms but even before they came to their destination here in the United States, they thought that the U.S is a land of opportunity. However, that wasnt the case when they arrived in the U.S. because the opportunities, the jobs that were given to the immigrants were hard and they were paid very low. Some immigrants stayed temporarily but some returned to their own country with their savings that they have acquired working in the United States. However, more immigrants chose the path of staying in the U.S. and have not given up looking for a better life. They permanently left their own countryQue 9and became hopeful that they could find a new world in the United States. All these led to the famous term of the American Dream.American Dream, who wouldnt have known The American Dream. A lot of Filipinos drea mt of living and working in the United States of America for greener pasture. Even until now there are still a lot of Filipinos who are still onerous to go through a crowd in the U.S Embassy in the Philippines just to have a U.S Visa. Filipinos believed that living and working in the U.S will give them a brighter future not only to them, but also to their families as well. Filipinos have always pursued the American Dream. It is a proof of which today is that Filipinos are now the second largest Asian group in the United States, according to the latest census bureau report. The number of Americans who have place themselves as Filipino, either alone or in combination with another race, totaled 3.4 million, the report showed. The total number is believed to be much high than the census count. There are an estimated one million undocumented Filipinos in the United States. Census officials attributed the fast growth of the Filipino population to immigration. California, known as the g ateway for Asian immigrants, had the largest population of Asian Americans, with close to 6 million, or nearly a third of the total nationwide (Rueda). The family set of reunification, interdependence, social cohesiveness and collectivism continue to persist within the Filipino American community despite the existence of socio-economic and health care disparities and racism. hatful typically migrate to the United States to acquire a better future for them. Filipinos perseverely chase the chance of acquiring the American Dream. Filipinos left their country by choice for economic necessity. However, acquiring the American Dream in America will requireQue 10adapting to a new culture including but not limited to values, religions needs and most importantly learning English as a secondary language. Filipinos have an advantage in assimilate to America since their history consists of American influence. The Filipino experience of chasing the American Dream is a long and winding road. Fil ipinos chose to chase it from 1865 to 1945, and up to the present. Success in life is risking everything, even culture and tradition. Filipinos may have the advantage of the English tongue and adaptation in a new environment, but can a Filipino still identify where he is from if a Filipino already learned how to forget where he came from? The sad reality is like a childs adoption. As the child is young, he will never know his identity until he grows or until the parents teach the child. The biological mother will be forgotten and the adopting mother will be in the place of the childs heart. When a Filipino leaves the Philippines, it is a one step in forgetting where a Filipino truly came from or what he truly was.Que 11 whole kit and caboodle Cited Filipino Immigrants in the US (1865-1945)Baldwin, James. Many Thousands Gone. Notes of a Native Son. capital of Massachusetts Beacon, 1955. Print. 31 Oct. 2012Filipino American History. Filipino American History. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2012.Immigration History. ECampus Geriatrics. Stanford School of Medicine, n.d. Web.Le, C.N. 2012. The setoff Asian Americans Asian-Nation The Landscape of Asian America. Web. 31 Oct. 2012Magat, Arianne Philippines from 1900-1915 The First Wave of Filipino Migration to the United States. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Oct. 2012.Garcia, Arturo P. A Brief History Filipino Immigrants in the United States. Out of the Shadows, into the Streets. Liberation News. N.p., 24 Aug. 2007. Web. 28 Oct. 2012.Hall, Stuart. Who needs identity. Questions of cultural identity 16.2 (1996) 1-17. Web. 31 Oct. 2012Rueda, Nimfa U. Filipinos 2nd Largest Asian base in US, Census Shows.Inquirer Global Nation. Inquirer, 25 Mar. 2012. Web. 28 Oct. 2012.The Rise of Asian Americans. Pew Research Center. N.p., 19 June 2012. Web. 28 Oct. 2012.Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934. Asian American Nation. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Oct. 2012.U.S. Filipinos Highlight Immigrant Rights on May Day. AsianWeek The Voice of Asian America. AsianWeek, 1 May 2012. Web. 28 Oct. 2012.

Falstaffs Influence on Prince Hal in I Henry IV :: Henry IV Henry V Essays

Falstaffs modulate on Prince Hal in I Henry IV In Shakespearian histories, there is always one individual who influences the major character and intimately advances the plot. In I Henry IV by William Shakespeare, Falstaff is such a character. Sir John Falstaff is perhaps the most daedal comic character of all time invented. He carries a dignified presence in the minds eye and in him, we recognize our internal admiration and jealousy of the rebellious dual spirit that we all secretly wish for. The multi-faceted Falstaff, in comic revolt against righteousness and order, in his role as father figure to Prince Hal, and ultimately, in his natural ability to discern and adapt to any situation, emerges as the most complex and paradoxical character in drama. Frequently, in literature, the sun represents royalty, or in this case the king, who strives to uphold law and order. Rhetorically, the corn liquor, symbolizes instability, not only because it does not confront the same size to ones eyes as time passes, but because it reigns the ebbing and flow of the tides. Therefore, as a knight guided by moonlight, Falstaff is a dissenter against law and order. This conclusion finds support in his witty tautologies and epithets. Falstaff is constantly aware that Hal will one day become king, and when that happens, robbers will be honored in England by Letting us be indulgence Dianas foresters, gentlemen of the shade, monions of the moon and letting men say we be men of good government, being governed as the sea is, by our novle and chaste mistress the moon, under whose countenance we deal (I, ii, 25-30). Falstaffs final dismissal of law and order culminates with a comic acknowledgment to the prince, urging him to have nothing to do with old father charade the law? Do not thou, when thou art King, hang a thief (I, ii, 62-63). We see a similar epithet in the future(a) act, send him packing (II, iv, 301), in which Falstaff again denounces respo nsibility, law, and order. Despite his lack of portion out for order and responsibility, the rebel dormant in readers applauds Falstaffs defiance of the establishment of his defense. Falstaff seems to magical spell to the average reader, for he relates to them, just as a twentieth-century American

Faust and the Juxtaposition of Good and Evil Essay -- Literary Analysi

In Faust Part One, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, uses different dispositions in his play, like God, Mephistopheles, and Gretchen to portray the collocation of good and bad. We are introduced to Faust, who as a mere human makes mistakes passim the play under some influence of the devil. Therefore it is difficult to drop a line him off as a completely evil being. However, Destros argumentation is extremely useful in helping to interpret Fausts shell in a very levelheaded manner. Destro believes that Faust is a tragic fighter for the purposes of the play, but as a person Faust is bad because of his actions and lack of information up until the near end of his life. Faust was a very selfish character who caused death and despair because of his carelessness and for that he is bad. Although Faust does show feelings of remorse and misdeed in the dungeon scene, for majority of the play, he is flawed and though Mephistopheles manipulated him, Faust had the effect to maintain control ov er his own actions and urges therefore he is a bad or negative character. Faust is a fairly troubled individual. That is a major part of the play. Faust is not like typical humans of his judgment of conviction he is very curious, self-righteous and extreme and as Destro says, Faust has his own comment of morality that are not exactly typical (Page 60). Which helps the reader to clear Fausts character can be seen as highly snarly from an ordinary moral point of view which is why Faust, regardless of his wickedness will never fully change and the pursuit of trying to win moral clarity and substance will lead to nowhere because he is already very flawed (Destro 60). Essentially, Destro means that Faust was doomed because of his personal views and his trust to ga... ...ity in hell, unable to ever experience love again. Works Cited1. Andre, Alt, Peter. Mephistopheles Principles On the Construction of Evil in Goethes Faust I. Modern Language Review Vol. 6.1 (2011) 149-63. Print. 2. Destro, Alberto==. The inculpatory Hero, or the Tragic Salvation of Faust. A Companion to Goethes Faust Parts II and I. Rochester, NY Camden House, 2001. 56-75. Print.3. Colavito, Carl N. Educating for Democracy Lessons from Goethes Faust Colavito, Carl Nicholas. Diss. University of Florida, 2010. Miami Dissertation Abstract, 2010. Print.4. Goethe, Johann Wolfgang Von, and Peter Salm. Faust, First Part. New York Bantam, 1962. Print.5. Murray, Chris. Review shew Give It Up in Despair Coleridge and Goethes Faust.Romanticism The Journal of Romantic Culture and rebuke Vol 15.1 (2009) 1-15. Print.

Descriptive Essay on Basketball Gym -- description, Observation Essay

The gym where I practice to win, the YMCA, is a place where I know who I am. It is a place I potentiometer go to escape my problems for awhile and release some stress. It is non the actual physical building, but rather the events that welcome occurred over the years. It is where I have formed some of the closest friendships. It is the place I have invested years of hard work for many of my accomplishments. To some it may depend odd that a place associated with sweat and physical pain can mean so much to one person. However, in my eyes it is close like a second home. A certain familiarity has developed over time that makes it home. As I sit here, I can vividly picture myself there. I drive my car into the pot-hole filled parking gage off the main street, and park in the same spot I always have, people just seem to know thats my spot. go around the back I gently push open the woody door, which is like a barrier between two different worlds. The alive(p) thick air q uickly rushes out and escapes past my body. The familiar part smell of sweat still inundates my nose when I walk into the ...

Use of Language to Portray 19th Century London Society in Oliver Twist

Use of dustup to demonstrate 19th century London Society in Oliver overrefinement by Charles dickensThe worlds intimately popular author and novelist who belonged to theVictorian term requires no introduction. Charles hellion is the manbehind great novels like, Oliver Twist, Hard Times, GreatExpectations, and many early(a) fascinating and insightful novels thatare considered, and sort of rightly so, works of true genius. The man,himself was a worker in a blacking factory during his childhood. His arrest was ineffectual to pay off the family debts so young Dickens was unexpended with by a proper education and so spent his childhood and most ofhis offspring in poverty. This left an indelible wound on Dickens. costless to say, in each of his novels, we see that Dickens reflectson his own behavior and highlights the miseries of the industrialRevolution because of which he was robed of the best years of hislife.Dickens was a social critic. This is quite expected because of thelife Dickens light-emitting diode and what he had experienced. He fucks to portraysociety exactly how it was during the Industrial Revolution. At the cartridge holder many authors only portrayed the positive aspects of theRevolution and Dickens highlighted even the negative aspects of thechanges that were taking place. Dickens was not especially travel bythe changes caused by the Revolution. He claimed that the world helived in was unrivaled of sorrow and trouble. This is quite true becausehe lost his childhood compvirtuosont part out in factories, another innovationof the Revolution. He was a life-long supporter of the poor. distributively ofhis novels involves several(prenominal) characters who belong to the lower branchesof society so that when people aim his novels, they acquit whatexactly society was li... ... he moves along with thestory and has similarly been quite effective at certain times because ofits ability to sustain sympathy. It tells us how the charact ers react tovarious circumstances and how they are influenced by society. perhapsthis is one of the reasons that the novel continues to remain anenduring classic.The society that has been depicted is of quite various from today.It was difficult adjusting to the workhouses, factories in the citybut we finally manage to shoot for tuned with Dickens novel. It is one ofthe best books ever written. This is because it has a great referee magic spell even two centuries later. It is because the description and thelanguage used fetch helped the referee all throughout, so we do not feel apart(p) at any point. Dickens saw to it that his readers got the bestof his work and we cant disaccord later reading Oliver Twist. Use of Language to Portray 19th Century London Society in Oliver Twist Use of Language to Portray 19th Century London Society in Oliver Twist by Charles DickensThe worlds most popular author and novelist who belonged to theVictorian era requires no introduc tion. Charles Dickens is the manbehind great novels like, Oliver Twist, Hard Times, GreatExpectations, and many other fascinating and insightful novels thatare considered, and quite rightly so, works of true genius. The man,himself was a worker in a blacking factory during his childhood. Hisfather was unable to pay off the family debts so young Dickens wasleft without a proper education and so spent his childhood and most ofhis youth in poverty. This left an indelible wound on Dickens.Needless to say, in each of his novels, we see that Dickens reflectson his own life and highlights the miseries of the IndustrialRevolution because of which he was robed of the best years of hislife.Dickens was a social critic. This is quite expected because of thelife Dickens led and what he had experienced. He manages to portraysociety exactly how it was during the Industrial Revolution. At thetime many authors only portrayed the positive aspects of theRevolution but Dickens highlighted even the nega tive aspects of thechanges that were taking place. Dickens was not particularly moved bythe changes caused by the Revolution. He claimed that the world helived in was one of sorrow and trouble. This is quite true becausehe lost his childhood helping out in factories, another innovationof the Revolution. He was a life-long supporter of the poor. Each ofhis novels involves some characters who belong to the lower branchesof society so that when people read his novels, they realize whatexactly society was li... ... he moves along with thestory and has also been quite effective at certain times because ofits ability to draw sympathy. It tells us how the characters react tovarious circumstances and how they are influenced by society. Perhapsthis is one of the reasons that the novel continues to remain anenduring classic.The society that has been depicted is of quite different from today.It was difficult adjusting to the workhouses, factories in the citybut we finally manage to get tuned with Dickens novel. It is one ofthe best books ever written. This is because it has a great readerappeal even two centuries later. It is because the description and thelanguage used have helped the reader all throughout, so we do not feelstranded at any point. Dickens saw to it that his readers got the bestof his work and we cant disagree after reading Oliver Twist.

The Case for Introducing a Property Tax, Collected at Local Government

I propose that an annual residential property tax income income be introduced and collected at central government for an introductory percentage point with a view to control being handed over to local anaesthetic government and the revenues generated by the tax to be used solely for local publicly provided goods. But for this to be an efficient and effective method of mount local authorities and not adversely affect the balances of the exchequer at that place needs to be an overhaul as to how local authorities atomic number 18 currently funded and run. Introducing a property tax allow hopefully reach out the tax base and go some way to overhauling how the tax placement works in Ireland and how local authorities atomic number 18 funded. Rationale for a residential property tax in IrelandStabilityThere are many reasons in support of a residential property tax. Firstly, it will provide a stable and less volatile income for the exchequer, as is the geek with a transaction such as stamp duty, and generally emend macroeconomic stability. The tax income collected by stamp duty make a huge contribution to the exchequer, but as we can make up ones mind from Fig 1.1, it tended to fluctuate, making it more difficult to budget long-term and susceptible to market forces, as is the case currently. A recurring annual tax is less economically distortionary than the imposition of tax on either income or capital (TSG 09/07) and a more reliable and stable tax income achieved from a proposed residential property tax would help with investment planning, as an over-reliance on expenditure and transaction taxes has resulted in tax revenue dropping more quickly than (nominal) GNP (Commission on tax income Report 62.2). As we can see from the data contained in the Commission on Taxation Report 2009 (Fig 1.1), revenues from sta... ...t such scenarios and ensure the equitable nature of the tax is kept up(p) and serious administration and avoidance problems arise when rate s differ between jurisdictions (McDowell 1988).BibliographyResearch PapersMcDowell, M. 1988. University College capital of Ireland, Department of Political Economy. Financing Local politics The Questionable Viability of a Local Property Tax. Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.Gurdgiev, Dr.C. 2009. Trinity College, Dublin. macroeconomic Case for a Land Value Reform in Ireland. Dublin 2, Ireland.ReportsTax Strategy Group. 2009. Property Taxation. Dublin. IrelandCommission on Taxation. 2009. Report 2009. Dublin, Ireland stationary OfficeOnline ResourcesCollins, S. 2011. Property Tax Brought Forward. The Irish Times, 21st December.Available athttp//www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2011/1221/breaking6.html

dyslexia Essays -- essays research papers

Cau yon reab mwat I aw mriting? If yon cau non reab it waybe is is decanse this is hom a persou with byslexia animate being reab several(prenominal)thiug. A person with dyslexia has a very difficult lifestyle to live. To render dyslexia you must be aware of the causes, effects strategies, and teaching methods for coping with the disease. Dyslexia nitty-gritty having difficulty with dustup in reading, spelling and writing in kindle of having normal intelligence and ability (Make the Connection).Scientists have been interested in dyslexia for a long clipping. For instance a scientist by the name of A. Kussmaul started researching this disorder in 1881. He came up with a theory of a certain unfitness as word blindness (history of dyslexia). The word dyslexia was first mentioned in 1887 by a professor by the name of R. Berlin. Scientists to this day are tranquilize unsure on what causes dyslexia, although they have a good idea of some of the factors that could have something to do with dyslexia. The only sure thing scientists do receipt about dyslexia is that there is no cure. Some causes of dyslexia are ideal to be genetic factors, emotional problems, and defects of the nervous system. Even though these are thought to play a role in dyslexia, m whatsoever experts are not convinced that these factors are causes of dyslexia (Make the connection). Dyslexia can occur at any level of intellectual ability. It is not the result of poor motivation, emotional disturbance, sensory impairment or lack of opportunities, but it may occur alongside any of these (Information on Dyslexia). Identifying a boor with dyslexia often takes a lot of time and tests. Many cases can often not be identified until the child is ten years of years. The reason for this is because a ten year emeritus with dyslexia would only be able to read a few words or maybe a small sentence. Some studies have shown that observe responses of infant sounds could determine whether or not a perso n is sack to develop dyslexia or not. Researchers have precisely picked 92% of dyslexics out of 186 children who were monitored 36 hours after their birth. After these conclusions were made, every two years until the child reached the age of eight, the children underwent a series of IQ and comprehension tests. This method, however, is not completely accurate. cinque out of... ...ings, dyslexics are very bright. Many very intelligent and happy people suffered from dyslexia to some degree such as Albert Einstein and doubting Thomas Edison (Famous People with the Gift of Dyslexia). Dyslexics just take a different start to learning than others. With proper detection and treatment of dyslexia it is possible to overcome with admirer from proven methods of treatment. Work CitedMake the Connection, http//www.dyslexiaa2z.com/ October 26, 2004Certificate in Teaching of Children with Dyslexia, http//www.dyslexia-teacher.com/index.htm Nov. 1, 2004Facts on Dyslexia, http//www.alphabetmats. com/facts.html November 8, 2004 Famous People with the Gift of Dyslexia, http//www.dyslexia.com/qafame.htm November 8, 2004History of Dyslexia, http//www.clubi.ie/dyslexia/history.html October 27, 2004 Information on Dyslexia, http//www.dyslexia-inst.org.uk/ October 27, 2004SIRS Publishing, Inc., SIRS Researcher. 4 Nov. 2000.Dyslexia, Behavioral Problems A Fatty Acid Link?Treating Dyslexia in Children, http//www.familiesonline.co.uk/ word/static/67 October 27, 2004

Cold War Essay -- essays research papers

After World War II, Stalin did not draw off his troops from Eastern Europe as he pledged he would in the Yalta Agreement. Instead, he setup puppet governments which did exactly as baffle Russia stated. To protect its interests for national security, the American Dream, and the belief that all spate should have the right to a democratic life, complete with liberty, equality, and a illustration government. Also playing a large part in wintry War tensions was the US interest in protecting its profitable outside(prenominal) markets. The spread of collectivism challenged every one of these US aims, and hence the US became convinced it had to stop this spread. The deliberate opposition to the spread of communism to capital countries is known as containment, which the US adopted in the tardy 1940s. The US believed it must do everything in its power to uphold containment and surrender its peoples way of life. Another opening that soon surfaced that was related to the containment theory was the domino theory, which stated that as one small country cast to communism, surrounding small countries would also fall to communism rapidly.In the face of containment, strongly supported by President Harry Truman, was the main campaign crush behind the Korean War. Along with containment as a force was American Pride. After World War II and after Japanese occupation, Soviet troops go in to North Korea, and the US moved in to South Korea. Each setup and supported its own go...

computer time structure :: essays research papers

What is the time mental synthesis of a reckoner and, more specifi handley on-line interactive communities? How does this structure dictate our unity to the medium and on-line environment and what we gain and/or lose in doing so?When we think of modern day technology, such as estimators or 2-way pagers, we know that it is all an effort to save time. No long-life do we have to go to the library for a small total of information, now we abide and log on the internet. No nightlong do we have to waste time going to store to deprave products, we can just log on the internet and buy it there. No longer do we have to pick up the telephone to call a numerous amount of people to convey a message, we just e-mail everyone. So you see, the estimator is suggested to be a time saver, a device that allows you to execute tasks more efficiently and more quickly. The time structure of a figurer is described as this the central processor of the computer contains within it an electronic measu re, whose extremely rapid pulses determine when one carrying out has ended and another is to begin (J.D. Bolter). This is measured by megahertz or the newest form of speed is called gigahertz. Therefore more tasks can be penalize in less time. The computer clock is somewhat similar to a digital clock based on the fact that it can be used to measure duration, determine the present point in time, and can even act as an alarm clock. The purpose of a clock is to tell time on the outside however, computer time is internal. The computer has its on time structure when it comes to completing tasks. For example, you might not be able to hold typing a document and save it simultaneously. On the outside, we are looking at the time we have to wait to continue our tasks but in the computers microworld this may be mean(prenominal) time passage. As far as the computer is concerned no extra time has been spent to complete the task. We have too more expectations of the time frame of a computer. How many times have we bombarded the computer with so much information that is freezes up or crashes? That is because we want everything to cash in ones chips at that instant. Which in turn results in a high train of anxiety and anger.

The Eyes of Dr. T.J. Eckleburg in The Great Gatsby Essays -- F. Scott

The Eyes of Dr. T.J. Eckleburg in The Great GatsbyIn the figment The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, there is an important theme in the eyeball of Dr. T.J. Eckleburg. These eyes watch over the events and characters of the novel like the eyes of God. legion(predicate) another(prenominal) things happen in front of the eyes of Dr. Eckleburg, like the vehicular manslaughter of Myrtle. at that place is one quote in particular that describes the eyes of Dr. Eckleburg. This quote has many different meanings to the reader, depending on which way you pick it open.This quote goes above the patriarchal land and the spasms of bleak dust which drift endlessly over it, you perceive, afterward a moment, the eyes of Dr. T.J. Eckleburg. The eyes of Dr. T.J. Eckleburg atomic number 18 blue and gigantic their retinas are one yard high. They look out of no ...

Essay --

What is a allegory? A fable is a short story in which characters within the appropriate are played by animals. All fables carry a good of some kind. Animal Farm, a novel by George Orwell, is a fable in the sense that it incorporates characteristics of a fable, such as giving animals, military personnel qualities and the inclusion of several morals is accounted for as well. Although Animal Farms morals are not merely utter, it bears a significant circulate regarding the concept of the story. The main morals are all tied unitedly by some form of power. Power is the driving force underside the animal society, once abused, an indication of collapse will be evident. through with(predicate) the guttles abuse of language to strengthen their dominance on the farm, Orwell conveys the power of handling in language. For example, Squealer takes the sheep away to teach them a new chant, quadruplet legs good two legs better. The continuous incantation planted in the animals mind signif ied the start of a change. In m whatever ways, they are governed by the pigs more than before, their ideas suggested and their minds are molded. The distortion of the meaning of language ultimately brainwashed them into forming ideas that compliment what the pigs want them to think. Another fortuity of the pigs manipulation occurs after the rumor about the pigs victorious the apples and milk for themselves. Squealer claimed that the pigs were doing so for the sake of the animals, he also stated that milk and apples contain substances absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig and Jones would come back if they failed in their duty (42). This form of propaganda/ threat whole kit and boodle in the favor of the pigs because the majority would rather comply and accept the latest conditions than have Jones back. The pig... ...al gains. They were never honest with their words or actions until they settle into the temptation of power completely. And once they do, corruption will b e seen a mint candy more often. Power is the force that upholds the structure of Animal Farm and when leadinghip indulge themselves in excessive power, the structure will be ruined, allowing these leaders with absolute force. Animal Farm is an allegory of the Russian Revolution and a cautionary tale warning readers of the pitfalls of revolution. Although, it doesnt only concern the Russians, it applies to any form of totalitarian government because of the universal structure of power. It all deeds the same way, power is obtained, greed for power encourages manipulation and intimidation and a totalitarian is formed. In that sense, any hopes of creating a utopian society establish on the equality of all animals is eradicated.

Time Devices :: essays research papers

Definition of "Time" Term used to disclose how long it takes to an event to occur. Time is used to classify events to "Events that make ited" and "Events that will happen". It seems that cartridge clip passes in the same pattern, and that time is equal to all just the "Theory of Relativity" proves otherwise. "Time is a relative thing" match to Einstein, which came out with the theory of Relativity.History of time Records of time handgriping are found 25,000 years ago, but of course, they werent as accurate as instantly a days. Man used nature to indicate time e.g. integral Moons. It is widely suggested today that time was kept in a "calendar" way. This means that they divided the time into big units and could only enumerate the time in specific occasions. e.g. a normal person, 20,000 years ago couldnt tell his partner the time at any given period. He had to keep back that the moon would go full, or the insolate will dawn, o r by looking at the stars, etc. They almost couldnt describe when in the future, a thing is to happen. They would say something like "In 2 full moons and a high sun well go hunting". He couldnt tell on the dot in how many hours or minutes things will happen because as I said before Nature was his time keeper + The experimental condition "Seconds", "Minutes, "Hours", etc, didnt exist back then.As mankind evolved, better ways to keep track of time were found. Man invented more and more devices as he evolved, and some of these devices are listed in the next sectionClocks A time device used to keep track of the passing time.A clock must have 2 basic components1. Power credit2. A "Release Power" source.Up till the beginning of the 1800s, sun pin clover were the leading time devices worldwide. During the 14th century, the Italian Donadi family were the first to commit numbers on those sun clocks. The invention of the spring for clocks during the si xteenth century and the pendulum in 1671 were the first steps toward the replacement of the sun clocks with robotlike clocks. The hand clock (watch) was invented by A French social club named Berege back at 1810. During the 1800s a drastic advancement has occurred in mechanical clocks with the invention of the naval time keeper which is used up till today by sailors to find their position in an area.

Washing and Constant Cleaning, an Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD) E

Washing and Constant Cleaning, an Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD) repealWashing and constant cleaning, an obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD often goes undiagnosed. Patients obsessively wash, control something or hoard things to relieve themselves of an overwhelming anxiety, and are fully sure their behavior is abnormal. This research studies a 23-year-old married woman who sought sermon for a severe backwash and cleaning business and how the patient was treated. I will discuss how the patient was diagnosed, and treated with a form of cognitive behavioral psychotherapy or CBT (exposure and response treatment) and what medications can be apply for treatment.Vickie, a 23 year-old married woman arrived with the company of her husband. Vickie had a problem with severe had washing and cleaning. She would wash her hands up to 30 time a day for at least 5 transactions distributively time. She always had the savouring that her hands were not really clean, she might abut t he side of the sink after she rinsed her hands and then think they were quaggy again. She excessively took devil showers a day for up to 50 minutes or until all the hot water was gone. Other things she did to make herself feel clean is subroutine alcohol to wipe things down that she would come into allude with, like her car seat before she set in it. She has been unable(p) to seek employment as a Licensed Practical keep (LPN) due to her symptoms. I conducted four initial sessions, session one and two were to seek information about the history of her symptoms, obsessional content, including external and versed fears cues, beliefs about consequences, and information about passive avoidance patterns and types of rituals (Levenkron, 1991). I also requested Vickie before our next session to record all washing and cleaning that she did, including wiping things with alcohol. She recorded every time she washed, how long she washed, what made her wash, and how dying(p) she was befor e she washed. This kind of record will help us observe any sources of contamination she may have gotten and we can also use it to measure her progress during treatment the third session was devoted to own(prenominal) and family history the fourth session was devoted to treatment planning. During the first iii therapy sessions Vickie talked about her experiences of recurrent and persistent ideas, thought, impulses, ... ... to obtain anti-obsessional effects. Studies done to date stir that the following dosages may be necessary Luvox (up to 300 mg/day), fluoxetine (40-80 mg/day), Zoloft (up to 200 mg/day), Paxil (40-60 mg/day), Celexa (up to 60 mg/day), and Anafranil (up to 250 mg/day), (Jenike, 1999b). ReferencesAmerican Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC AuthorEngler, J. & Goleman, D. (1992). The authoritative guide for making assured choices about all types of psychotherapy. The Consumers Guide to Psychotherapy. New York, NY Simon & Schuster/FiresideLevenkron, S. (1991). Treating & apprehension Crippling Habits. obsessive-compulsive Disorders. New York, NY Warner Books.Jenike, J. (1999a). How to select a Behavior Therapist. Obsessive-Compulsive Foundation. Available http//www.ocfoundation.org/ocf_0003.htmJenike, J. (1999b). OCD medication Adults. Obsessive-Compulsive Foundation. Retrieved November 18, 2001, from http//www.ocfoundation.org/ocf1050a.htmObsessive-Compulsive Foundation How is OCD treated. Retrieved November 14, 2001, from http//www.ocfoundation.org/ocf1030a.htm

Enviornmental Catastrophes :: essays research papers

Many the great unwashed passim the world deal with environmental destruction. Whether it is natural or man created, some(prenominal) end in sudden calamities. An example of a natural calamity is the 1997 Red River Flood in Grand Forks, North Dakota. One of the unequaled aspects of the Red River is that it flows North and empties into the lake Winnepeg in Canada. However, since temperature tends to get colder the farther north you get, ice-jamming is a lot a concern of the Red River during the spring season. The National Weather do began putting out warnings as early as February that a alluvial sediment due to the spring melt was likely to occur. Due to Grand Forks bumpy winter that consisted of a cruel blizzard, the amount of snow melts exceeded. In an attempt to prevent the flood, the North Dakota National Guard chucked sand on the river in hopes to use the suns thermal energy to speed up the thawing and come about the ice-jams. Unable to control the excessive water the flo od of the century began. On April 18, 1997, the Red Rivers water level was at 52.19 ft tall and had risen at a rate of an inch each minute following. The flood began to take out areas of the city one by one, and people with what little possessions the could grab had to evacuate immediately. After six days of fill up the river finally began to recede and people were allowed to return. The amount of filth left slow from the flood was incredible. Much of the property had been destroyed and basically everything else had been contaminated by the water. Everything that was washed out by the water turned into trash and many had to start all over again. The post-flood clean up that was taken to the dump totaled 224 million ton, which is usually nine months of garbage.An example of a man-created calamity is the Tragedy of the World Trade Centers. September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on America had a big effect on New York City environment, and the political and ruttish landscapes of th e United States. This will be remembered as one of the most majestic days in American history. Armed terrorists hijacked four passenger jets and utilise them as weapons against the U.S.. The attacks destroyed the World Trade Center, damaged the Pentagon and killed three constant of gravitation people. The cleanup was a very emotional and strenuous effort by fire fighters, policeman and many volunteers.